نشریه حکمرانی و توسعه
سال سوم شماره 3 (پاییز 1402)

In recent years, the importance of "soft skills" has been recognized alongside hard skills for human resources. These skills have a significant contribution for improving individual performance and organizational productivity, unfortunately - despite the substantial differences between soft and hard skills-  public organizations often fail to distinguish between soft and hard skills in terms of how to learn and develop. Therefore, learning programs and development of soft skills are not fruitful and the output does not include an increase in the costs of the organization. Based on this, the present research focuses on developing a learning model and developing soft skills of human resources in government organizations. To address this issue, a semi-structured interview was conducted with 23 experts in human resources in the field of training and development in public organizations and was also performed thematic analysis. In the following, by using the two-stage Delphi technique and descriptive statistics, the validity of the model has been investigated. Finally, the research model has been approved along with five main themes "needs assessment", "designing and planning", "implementation", "evaluation" and "organizational support" ,and with 17 sub-themes and 51 codes.

Today, most pundits and experts, the higher education system, are the most influential institutions in promoting the cultural, political, economic and social level. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to study the pathology of higher education in Iran with emphasis on the triple axis and also to determine its dimensions and components in the form of a conceptual model of research. The statistical population of this study was professors, authorities and actors involved in policy  making , decision making and planning specialist of higher education in the field of research. The subjects were selected using a qualitative research method and through interviewing 18 experts with purposeful snowball method, conducting semi-structured interviews. Validity of the findings was investigated by collaborative adaptation and peer review. Open and axial encryption is used to analyze the data. The findings show that there are conceptual propositions, 4 main categories (dimension) and 13 subcategories. These factors involve: 1. The functional factor of behavioral content: (Attitudinal factors, value and assumption factors - Research - Professional features), 2. Communication and interactive factor :( inconsistency between policy-making and planning organizations –Feedback factors- socio-economic factors) 3. Structural factors: (the structure of decision-makering and planning institutions , financial factors, legal and information factors), 4. the underlying factors (the field of recognition of higher education - the macro-structure (decentralization) -culture), whose relationships in the conceptual model of the research is drawn up. Therefore, due to the issues and problems encountered in this research, along with the achievements, shortcomings and serious weaknesses, it is possible to overcome the problems and challenges facing Iran's higher education system by revising the laws and regulations and greater interaction of the decision-making bodies.

Technology_based reforms with an emphasis on the digital society, especially in the public sector, have been put on the agenda of most countries and have become a new issue for the government today. The open government model relying on open data, is one of the new models for implementing technology-based reforms. The purpose of the current research is to identify the components of open government and to present its model. This is an applied research and was conducted with a meta-synthesis approach. The data obtained from a systematic review of related studies and researches in the last five years (27 sources), in the field of open government, were selected for analysis with the meta_synthesis approach. Based on this, 8 concepts and 15 indicators were identified and prioritized using the Shannon Antropy method. The results of the research indicate that the codes of communication, information, accuracy, continuous cooperation, participation, reliability , quality, consultation, trust , security, protection, comprehensiveness, inclusiveness respectively have the highest coefficient of importance.

This study examines the effect of renewable energy, fossil fuel consumption, economic growth, and urbanization on CO2 emissions in Iran through the conventional Auto-Regression Distributed Lag model (ARDL) under the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis in the period 2000 to 2020. The findings strongly support the existence of an inverted U-shaped relationship between CO2 emissions and GDP per capita, in the short run. The results of long-term relationships show that the growth of GDP per capita leads to an increase in carbon dioxide emissions and indicates a positive relationship. Also, the results of the impact of non-renewable energy and carbon dioxide emissions show that the use of fossil fuels increases the level of CO2 emissions in Iran, both in the short term and in the long term, and has a positive effect. Also, the results show that the impact of urbanization on carbon dioxide emissions is different in the long and short term. According to the obtained results, urbanization has a positive effect in the short term and a negative effect in the long term. The main recommendation of this research to the Iranian government is to continue to turn to renewable energy sources to meet the increasing electricity needs with less carbon emissions and thus reduce environmental degradation as a result of energy production. It is better to invest more in the development of clean energy and related knowledge. Also, the country's economy should move towards a low carbon economy.

Sustainable consumption, especially with the growing trend of the urban population on the one hand and the problem of governments in providing food for a sustainable life, is considered a fundamental issue that developing countries try to control to a large extent through lifestyle management. The current research in the Ministry of Trade of Iraq is trying to identify the challenges of lifestyle management in the field of sustainable consumption policy. The research method is combined (qualitative and quantitative) which was carried out in the first phase of the thematic analysis using the six key steps of Braun and Clarke (2006); the data collection tool was a semi-structured and in-depth interview. The validity of the research data was confirmed by returning to the interviewees and external auditors. The research community was experts in the field of trade and commerce, of which 12 people were interviewed until data saturation. Sampling was done in a targeted method dependent on the criterion. In the second phase, the research was conducted with second-order factor analysis through AMOS software. The tool for collecting information was a researcher-made questionnaire, whose validity was confirmed through face and content validity. The results of this research showed that 57 primary codes, in the form of 13 main codes, were placed in 4 categories of governance performance, consumer activism, information and media influence, environmental and climate requirements. The results also showed that the factor analysis model of the identified components has a suitable fit, and the factor weight of the components was estimated as governance performance (0.94), consumer activism (0.87), information and media influence (0.85), environmental and climate conditions (0.69). Based on this, it can be concluded that governance and government components play a more important role in lifestyle management.

This research aims to evaluate the impact of entrepreneurship development strategies on poverty reduction; It has been done by considering the mediating role of social capital. This research is based on the objective criterion in the applied research group, based on the data collection time criterion in the survey research group and is a quantitative research. The main tool for collecting information in this research is 3 questionnaires (entrepreneurship development, poverty reduction, social capital), the range used in the questionnaire of this research is the Likert scale. The statistical population of this research includes households covered by the Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation in Shiraz. The sample size in this research is equal to 315 people using Spss Sample power sampling software and the sampling method in this research is convenient sampling. The statistical software SPSS and AMOS are used to analyze the questionnaire data of this research. In order to determine the presence or absence of influence between the variables and to estimate and generalize the results obtained from the sample size to the statistical population, a regression model with a hidden variable and a mediation model have been used to evaluate the research hypotheses. According to the findings of this research, 39% of the variance of poverty reduction is explained by entrepreneurship development strategies, so poverty reduction can be predicted based on entrepreneurship development strategies. Social capital has had a significant impact on poverty reduction, 30% of the variance of poverty reduction is explained by social capital and 66% of the variance of social capital is explained by entrepreneurship development strategies, so social capital can be predicted based on entrepreneurship development strategies in the statistical population. In the effect of entrepreneurship development strategies on poverty reduction; social capital has played a partial mediating role.